{smcl}
{com}{sf}{ul off}{txt}{.-}
      name:  {res}<unnamed>
       {txt}log:  {res}/Users/merolla/Dropbox/Build and Broaden/Evaluation of MSIRA/survey analysis/PS/PS replication Brookes Dionne Merolla.smcl
  {txt}log type:  {res}smcl
 {txt}opened on:  {res}21 Aug 2025, 12:46:17

{com}. ---
{bf}{err}-{sf} is not a valid command name
{txt}{search r(199), local:r(199);}

{com}. title: "Analysis for PS article Brookes Dionne Merolla"
{err}command {bf}title{sf} is unrecognized
{txt}{search r(199), local:r(199);}

{com}. date: "2025-08-20"
{err}command {bf}date{sf} is unrecognized
{txt}{search r(199), local:r(199);}

{com}. ---
{bf}{err}-{sf} is not a valid command name
{txt}{search r(199), local:r(199);}

{com}. 
. 
. * Preparation

. 
. ** Load dataset from the dataverse**

. 
. **removing students who did not complete the program***

. ****now remove those who did not complete all three waves***

. drop if Respid==1
{txt}(1 observation deleted)

{com}. drop if Respid==11
{txt}(1 observation deleted)

{com}. drop if Respid==19
{txt}(1 observation deleted)

{com}. 
. *Generating Summary Statistics for Table 1*

. 
. ***gender identity****

. ***I double checked and everyone selected male or female***

. gen female=0

. replace female=1 if Q10_2_wave1==1
{txt}(12 real changes made)

{com}. tab female

     {txt}female {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         10       45.45       45.45
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}         12       54.55      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. ***race and ethnicity****

. gen Alaskan=0

. replace Alaskan=1 if Q13_1_wave1==1
{txt}(0 real changes made)

{com}. tab Alaskan

    {txt}Alaskan {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         22      100.00      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen Am_indian=0

. replace Am_indian=1 if Q13_2_wave1==1
{txt}(1 real change made)

{com}. tab Am_indian

  {txt}Am_indian {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         21       95.45       95.45
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          1        4.55      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen Asian=0

. replace Asian=1 if Q13_3_wave1==1
{txt}(7 real changes made)

{com}. tab Asian

      {txt}Asian {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         15       68.18       68.18
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          7       31.82      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen HawaiianPI=0

. replace HawaiianPI=1 if Q13_5_wave1==1
{txt}(1 real change made)

{com}. tab HawaiianPI

 {txt}HawaiianPI {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         21       95.45       95.45
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          1        4.55      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen Asian_native_pacific=0

. replace Asian_native_pacific=1 if Am_indian==1
{txt}(1 real change made)

{com}. replace Asian_native_pacific=1 if Alaskan==1
{txt}(0 real changes made)

{com}. replace Asian_native_pacific=1 if Asian==1
{txt}(7 real changes made)

{com}. replace Asian_native_pacific=1 if HawaiianPI==1
{txt}(1 real change made)

{com}. tab Asian_native_pacific

{txt}Asian_nativ {c |}
  e_pacific {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         13       59.09       59.09
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          9       40.91      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen Black=0

. replace Black=1 if Q13_4_wave1==1
{txt}(0 real changes made)

{com}. tab Black

      {txt}Black {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         22      100.00      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen Latinx=0

. replace Latinx=1 if Q13_6_wave1==1
{txt}(11 real changes made)

{com}. tab Latinx

     {txt}Latinx {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         11       50.00       50.00
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}         11       50.00      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen MiddleEastern=0

. replace MiddleEastern=1 if Q13_7_wave1==1
{txt}(0 real changes made)

{com}. tab MiddleEastern

{txt}MiddleEaste {c |}
         rn {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         22      100.00      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. gen White=0

. replace White=1 if Q13_8_wave1==1
{txt}(3 real changes made)

{com}. tab White

      {txt}White {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         19       86.36       86.36
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          3       13.64      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. ***prefer not to say***

. tab Q13_9_wave1
{txt}no observations

{com}. 
. 
. ***first gen****

. tab Q15_wave1

  {txt}Are you a {c |}
first-gener {c |}
      ation {c |}
    college {c |}
   student? {c |}
(By that we {c |}
  mean that {c |}
    none of {c |}
     your p {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
        Yes {c |}{res}         13       59.09       59.09
{txt}         No {c |}{res}          9       40.91      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. ***free lunch****

. tab Q16_wave1

  {txt}In your last {c |}
  year of high {c |}
   school, did {c |}
   you qualify {c |}
   for free or {c |}
reduced lunch? {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 15}{c +}{hline 35}
           Yes {c |}{res}         10       45.45       45.45
{txt}            No {c |}{res}          9       40.91       86.36
{txt}Don't remember {c |}{res}          3       13.64      100.00
{txt}{hline 15}{c +}{hline 35}
         Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. ****working****

. tab Q17_wave1

    {txt}Do you have a {c |}
full or part time {c |}
             job? {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 18}{c +}{hline 35}
   Yes, part time {c |}{res}          9       40.91       40.91
{txt}No, I do not work {c |}{res}         13       59.09      100.00
{txt}{hline 18}{c +}{hline 35}
            Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. ****immigration status***

. tab Q14_wave1

         {txt}Which of these statements best {c |}
                         describes you? {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 40}{c +}{hline 35}
I am an immigrant to the USA and a natu {c |}{res}          3       13.64       13.64
{txt}I am an immigrant to the USA and not a  {c |}{res}          1        4.55       18.18
{txt}I was born in the USA but at least one  {c |}{res}         15       68.18       86.36
{txt}My parents, grandparents, and I were al {c |}{res}          2        9.09       95.45
{txt}                      Prefer not to say {c |}{res}          1        4.55      100.00
{txt}{hline 40}{c +}{hline 35}
                                  Total {c |}{res}         22      100.00

{com}. 
. *remove the student who did not complete all three waves of the survey*

. drop if Respid==12
{txt}(1 observation deleted)

{com}. 
. *Table 2*

. *** Skill Perception: We would now like to ask you about your perceptions of your own skills. (Scale from 1 (bottom 10%) to 5 (top 10%), 6 = NA)***

. 
. **** Math skills

. recode Q35_1_wave1 6=.
{txt}(1 changes made to {bf:Q35_1_wave1})

{com}. recode Q21_1_wave2 6=.
{txt}(1 changes made to {bf:Q21_1_wave2})

{com}. recode Q21_1_wave3 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q21_1_wave3})

{com}. 
. *note that wave3 includes 21 but in the table we report only the 20 that answered this question on all three surveys-see paired t tests for wave 3*

. *we follow this approach in all other analyses as well*

. sum Q35_1_wave1 Q21_1_wave2 Q21_1_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q35_1_wave1 {c |}{res}         20        2.85     .875094          1          4
{txt}{space 1}Q21_1_wave2 {c |}{res}         20         3.1     .967906          1          4
{txt}{space 1}Q21_1_wave3 {c |}{res}         21    2.809524    1.030488          1          5

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 2*

. ttest Q35_1_wave1 == Q21_1_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_1_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}     2.85{col 34}  .195677{col 46}  .875094{col 58} 2.440443{col 70} 3.259557
{txt}Q21_1_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}      3.1{col 34} .2164304{col 46}  .967906{col 58} 2.647006{col 70} 3.552994
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}     -.25{col 34} .1902215{col 46} .8506963{col 58}-.6481381{col 70} .1481381
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_1_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_1_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -1.3143
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      19

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.1022         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.2044          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.8978

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_math_w12= Q35_1_wave1-Q21_1_wave2
{txt}(1 missing value generated)

{com}. swilk diff_math_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_math~12 {c |} {res}        20    0.97351      0.627    -0.940    0.82649

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 3*

. ttest Q35_1_wave1 == Q21_1_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_1_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}     2.85{col 34}  .195677{col 46}  .875094{col 58} 2.440443{col 70} 3.259557
{txt}Q21_1_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}     2.85{col 34} .2325488{col 46}  1.03999{col 58}  2.36327{col 70}  3.33673
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}        0{col 34}  .191943{col 46} .8583951{col 58}-.4017413{col 70} .4017413
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_1_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_1_wave3{txt})                 t = {res}  0.0000
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      19

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.5000         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}1.0000          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.5000

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_math_w13= Q35_1_wave1-Q21_1_wave3
{txt}(1 missing value generated)

{com}. swilk diff_math_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_math~13 {c |} {res}        20    0.99860      0.033    -6.860    1.00000

{com}. 
. *paired test between wave2 and wave3*

. ttest Q21_1_wave2 == Q21_1_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q21_1_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}      3.1{col 34} .2164304{col 46}  .967906{col 58} 2.647006{col 70} 3.552994
{txt}Q21_1_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}     2.85{col 34} .2325488{col 46}  1.03999{col 58}  2.36327{col 70}  3.33673
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}      .25{col 34} .1902215{col 46} .8506963{col 58}-.1481381{col 70} .6481381
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q21_1_wave2{txt} - {res}Q21_1_wave3{txt})                 t = {res}  1.3143
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      19

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.8978         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.2044          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.1022

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_math_w23= Q21_1_wave2-Q21_1_wave3
{txt}(1 missing value generated)

{com}. swilk diff_math_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_math~23 {c |} {res}        20    0.97450      0.604    -1.017    0.84551

{com}. 
. 
. **** Writing skills

. recode Q35_2_wave1 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q35_2_wave1})

{com}. recode Q21_2_wave2 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q21_2_wave2})

{com}. recode Q21_2_wave3 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q21_2_wave3})

{com}. 
. sum Q35_2_wave1 Q21_2_wave2 Q21_2_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q35_2_wave1 {c |}{res}         21    4.142857    .7270292          3          5
{txt}{space 1}Q21_2_wave2 {c |}{res}         21    4.190476    .7496031          3          5
{txt}{space 1}Q21_2_wave3 {c |}{res}         21    4.238095    .7003401          3          5

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 2*

. ttest Q35_2_wave1 == Q21_2_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_2_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.142857{col 34} .1586508{col 46} .7270292{col 58} 3.811917{col 70} 4.473797
{txt}Q21_2_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.190476{col 34} .1635768{col 46} .7496031{col 58} 3.849261{col 70} 4.531691
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} -.047619{col 34}  .161484{col 46} .7400129{col 58}-.3844689{col 70} .2892308
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_2_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_2_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -0.2949
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.3856         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.7711          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.6144

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_write_w12= Q35_2_wave1-Q21_2_wave2

. swilk diff_write_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_writ~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.94404      1.371     0.638    0.26163

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 3*

. ttest Q35_2_wave1 == Q21_2_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_2_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.142857{col 34} .1586508{col 46} .7270292{col 58} 3.811917{col 70} 4.473797
{txt}Q21_2_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.238095{col 34} .1528267{col 46} .7003401{col 58} 3.919304{col 70} 4.556886
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.0952381{col 34}  .167684{col 46} .7684245{col 58}-.4450207{col 70} .2545445
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_2_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_2_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -0.5680
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.2882         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.5764          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.7118

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_write_w13= Q35_2_wave1-Q21_2_wave3

. swilk diff_write_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_writ~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.99101      0.220    -3.059    0.99889

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest Q21_2_wave2 == Q21_2_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q21_2_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.190476{col 34} .1635768{col 46} .7496031{col 58} 3.849261{col 70} 4.531691
{txt}Q21_2_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.238095{col 34} .1528267{col 46} .7003401{col 58} 3.919304{col 70} 4.556886
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} -.047619{col 34} .1286596{col 46} .5895923{col 58}-.3159982{col 70} .2207601
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q21_2_wave2{txt} - {res}Q21_2_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -0.3701
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.3576         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.7152          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.6424

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_write_w23= Q21_2_wave2-Q21_2_wave3

. swilk diff_write_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_writ~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.99412      0.144    -3.916    0.99995

{com}. 
. 
. **** Public speaking skills

. recode Q35_3_wave1 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q35_3_wave1})

{com}. recode Q21_3_wave2 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q21_3_wave2})

{com}. recode Q21_3_wave3 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q21_3_wave3})

{com}. 
. sum Q35_3_wave1 Q21_3_wave2 Q21_3_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q35_3_wave1 {c |}{res}         21    3.571429    1.207122          1          5
{txt}{space 1}Q21_3_wave2 {c |}{res}         21    3.904762    .9436505          2          5
{txt}{space 1}Q21_3_wave3 {c |}{res}         21    3.809524    1.030488          1          5

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 2*

. ttest Q35_3_wave1 == Q21_3_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_3_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.571429{col 34} .2634156{col 46} 1.207122{col 58} 3.021953{col 70} 4.120904
{txt}Q21_3_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.904762{col 34} .2059214{col 46} .9436505{col 58} 3.475217{col 70} 4.334306
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.3333333{col 34} .1436486{col 46} .6582806{col 58}-.6329791{col 70}-.0336876
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_3_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_3_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -2.3205
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0155         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0310          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9845

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_public_w12= Q35_3_wave1-Q21_3_wave2

. swilk diff_public_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_publ~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.96566      0.842    -0.349    0.63637

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 3*

. ttest Q35_3_wave1 == Q21_3_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_3_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.571429{col 34} .2634156{col 46} 1.207122{col 58} 3.021953{col 70} 4.120904
{txt}Q21_3_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.809524{col 34} .2248708{col 46} 1.030488{col 58} 3.340451{col 70} 4.278596
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.2380952{col 34} .1176104{col 46} .5389584{col 58}-.4834262{col 70} .0072357
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_3_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_3_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -2.0244
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0282         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0565          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9718

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_public_w13= Q35_3_wave1-Q21_3_wave3

. swilk diff_public_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_publ~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.86905      3.209     2.357    0.00921

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest Q21_3_wave2 == Q21_3_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q21_3_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.904762{col 34} .2059214{col 46} .9436505{col 58} 3.475217{col 70} 4.334306
{txt}Q21_3_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.809524{col 34} .2248708{col 46} 1.030488{col 58} 3.340451{col 70} 4.278596
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} .0952381{col 34} .1176104{col 46} .5389584{col 58}-.1500928{col 70}  .340569
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q21_3_wave2{txt} - {res}Q21_3_wave3{txt})                 t = {res}  0.8098
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.7862         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.4276          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.2138

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_public_w23= Q21_3_wave2-Q21_3_wave3

. swilk diff_public_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_publ~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.99394      0.149    -3.854    0.99994

{com}. 
. **** Social skills

. recode Q35_4_wave1 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q35_4_wave1})

{com}. recode Q21_4_wave2 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q21_4_wave2})

{com}. recode Q21_4_wave3 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q21_4_wave3})

{com}. 
. sum Q35_4_wave1 Q21_4_wave2 Q21_4_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q35_4_wave1 {c |}{res}         21    3.809524    .8135753          2          5
{txt}{space 1}Q21_4_wave2 {c |}{res}         21    4.142857    1.014185          1          5
{txt}{space 1}Q21_4_wave3 {c |}{res}         21    3.952381    .9734573          1          5

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 2*

. ttest Q35_4_wave1 == Q21_4_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_4_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.809524{col 34} .1775367{col 46} .8135753{col 58} 3.439189{col 70} 4.179859
{txt}Q21_4_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.142857{col 34} .2213133{col 46} 1.014185{col 58} 3.681206{col 70} 4.604509
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.3333333{col 34} .2108185{col 46} .9660918{col 58} -.773093{col 70} .1064264
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_4_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_4_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -1.5811
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0648         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.1295          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9352

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_social_w12= Q35_4_wave1-Q21_4_wave2

. swilk diff_social_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_soci~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.99328      0.165    -3.647    0.99987

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 3*

. ttest Q35_4_wave1 == Q21_4_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q35_4_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.809524{col 34} .1775367{col 46} .8135753{col 58} 3.439189{col 70} 4.179859
{txt}Q21_4_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.952381{col 34} .2124258{col 46} .9734573{col 58} 3.509269{col 70} 4.395493
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.1428571{col 34}  .125085{col 46} .5732115{col 58}-.4037799{col 70} .1180656
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q35_4_wave1{txt} - {res}Q21_4_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -1.1421
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.1335         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.2669          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.8665

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_social_w13= Q35_4_wave1-Q21_4_wave3

. swilk diff_social_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_soci~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.96645      0.822    -0.396    0.65387

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest Q21_4_wave2 == Q21_4_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q21_4_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.142857{col 34} .2213133{col 46} 1.014185{col 58} 3.681206{col 70} 4.604509
{txt}Q21_4_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.952381{col 34} .2124258{col 46} .9734573{col 58} 3.509269{col 70} 4.395493
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} .1904762{col 34} .1904762{col 46} .8728716{col 58}-.2068502{col 70} .5878026
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q21_4_wave2{txt} - {res}Q21_4_wave3{txt})                 t = {res}  1.0000
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.8354         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.3293          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.1646

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_social_w23= Q21_4_wave2-Q21_4_wave3

. swilk diff_social_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_soci~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.94004      1.469     0.778    0.21829

{com}. 
. **** Computer skills

. recode Q52_1_wave1 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q52_1_wave1})

{com}. recode Q23_1_wave2 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q23_1_wave2})

{com}. recode Q22_1_wave3 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q22_1_wave3})

{com}. 
. sum Q52_1_wave1 Q23_1_wave2 Q22_1_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q52_1_wave1 {c |}{res}         21    3.333333    1.064581          1          5
{txt}{space 1}Q23_1_wave2 {c |}{res}         21     3.47619    .6796358          3          5
{txt}{space 1}Q22_1_wave3 {c |}{res}         21     3.47619    .6796358          3          5

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 2*

. ttest Q52_1_wave1 == Q23_1_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q52_1_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.333333{col 34} .2323107{col 46} 1.064581{col 58} 2.848742{col 70} 3.817925
{txt}Q23_1_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}  3.47619{col 34} .1483087{col 46} .6796358{col 58} 3.166824{col 70} 3.785557
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.1428571{col 34} .2213133{col 46} 1.014185{col 58}-.6045087{col 70} .3187944
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q52_1_wave1{txt} - {res}Q23_1_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -0.6455
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.2630         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.5259          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.7370

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_computer_w12= Q52_1_wave1-Q23_1_wave2

. swilk diff_computer_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_comp~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.96303      0.906    -0.199    0.57903

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 3*

. ttest Q52_1_wave1 == Q22_1_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q52_1_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.333333{col 34} .2323107{col 46} 1.064581{col 58} 2.848742{col 70} 3.817925
{txt}Q22_1_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}  3.47619{col 34} .1483087{col 46} .6796358{col 58} 3.166824{col 70} 3.785557
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.1428571{col 34} .2318221{col 46} 1.062342{col 58}-.6264296{col 70} .3407153
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q52_1_wave1{txt} - {res}Q22_1_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -0.6162
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.2723         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.5447          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.7277

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_computer_w13= Q52_1_wave1-Q22_1_wave3

. swilk diff_computer_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_comp~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.96127      0.949    -0.106    0.54204

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest Q23_1_wave2 == Q22_1_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q23_1_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}  3.47619{col 34} .1483087{col 46} .6796358{col 58} 3.166824{col 70} 3.785557
{txt}Q22_1_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}  3.47619{col 34} .1483087{col 46} .6796358{col 58} 3.166824{col 70} 3.785557
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}        0{col 34} .1195229{col 46} .5477226{col 58}-.2493203{col 70} .2493203
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q23_1_wave2{txt} - {res}Q22_1_wave3{txt})                 t = {res}  0.0000
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.5000         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}1.0000          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.5000

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_computer_w23= Q23_1_wave2-Q22_1_wave3

. swilk diff_computer_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_comp~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.68934      7.613     4.104    0.00002

{com}. 
. **** Creative thinking skills

. recode Q52_2_wave1 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q52_2_wave1})

{com}. recode Q23_2_wave2 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q23_2_wave2})

{com}. recode Q22_2_wave3 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q22_2_wave3})

{com}. 
. sum Q52_2_wave1 Q23_2_wave2 Q22_2_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q52_2_wave1 {c |}{res}         21    3.952381    .6690434          3          5
{txt}{space 1}Q23_2_wave2 {c |}{res}         21    4.095238    .6248809          3          5
{txt}{space 1}Q22_2_wave3 {c |}{res}         21           4    .7071068          3          5

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 2*

. ttest Q52_2_wave1 == Q23_2_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q52_2_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.952381{col 34} .1459972{col 46} .6690434{col 58} 3.647836{col 70} 4.256926
{txt}Q23_2_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.095238{col 34} .1363602{col 46} .6248809{col 58} 3.810796{col 70}  4.37968
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.1428571{col 34} .1428571{col 46} .6546537{col 58}-.4408519{col 70} .1551376
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q52_2_wave1{txt} - {res}Q23_2_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -1.0000
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.1646         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.3293          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.8354

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_creative_w12= Q52_2_wave1-Q23_2_wave2

. swilk diff_creative_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_crea~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.97962      0.499    -1.404    0.91985

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 3*

. ttest Q52_2_wave1 == Q22_2_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q52_2_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.952381{col 34} .1459972{col 46} .6690434{col 58} 3.647836{col 70} 4.256926
{txt}Q22_2_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}        4{col 34} .1543033{col 46} .7071068{col 58} 3.678129{col 70} 4.321871
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} -.047619{col 34} .1286596{col 46} .5895923{col 58}-.3159982{col 70} .2207601
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q52_2_wave1{txt} - {res}Q22_2_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -0.3701
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.3576         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.7152          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.6424

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_creative_w13= Q52_2_wave1-Q22_2_wave3

. swilk diff_creative_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_crea~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.99412      0.144    -3.916    0.99995

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest Q23_2_wave2 == Q22_2_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q23_2_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.095238{col 34} .1363602{col 46} .6248809{col 58} 3.810796{col 70}  4.37968
{txt}Q22_2_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}        4{col 34} .1543033{col 46} .7071068{col 58} 3.678129{col 70} 4.321871
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} .0952381{col 34} .1176104{col 46} .5389584{col 58}-.1500928{col 70}  .340569
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q23_2_wave2{txt} - {res}Q22_2_wave3{txt})                 t = {res}  0.8098
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.7862         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.4276          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.2138

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_creative_w23= Q23_2_wave2-Q22_2_wave3

. swilk diff_creative_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_crea~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.99394      0.149    -3.854    0.99994

{com}. 
. 
. **** Critical thinking skills

. recode Q52_3_wave1 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q52_3_wave1})

{com}. recode Q23_3_wave2 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q23_3_wave2})

{com}. recode Q22_3_wave3 6=.
{txt}(0 changes made to {bf:Q22_3_wave3})

{com}. 
. sum Q52_3_wave1 Q23_3_wave2 Q22_3_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q52_3_wave1 {c |}{res}         21    4.095238    .7684245          3          5
{txt}{space 1}Q23_3_wave2 {c |}{res}         21    4.142857    .7270292          3          5
{txt}{space 1}Q22_3_wave3 {c |}{res}         21    4.190476    .6796358          3          5

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 2*

. ttest Q52_3_wave1 == Q23_3_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q52_3_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.095238{col 34}  .167684{col 46} .7684245{col 58} 3.745455{col 70} 4.445021
{txt}Q23_3_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.142857{col 34} .1586508{col 46} .7270292{col 58} 3.811917{col 70} 4.473797
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} -.047619{col 34}  .200905{col 46} .9206623{col 58}-.4666995{col 70} .3714614
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q52_3_wave1{txt} - {res}Q23_3_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -0.2370
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.4075         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.8151          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.5925

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_critical_w12= Q52_3_wave1-Q23_3_wave2

. swilk diff_critical_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_crit~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.92115      1.932     1.332    0.09149

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between wave 1 and 3*

. ttest Q52_3_wave1 == Q22_3_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q52_3_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.095238{col 34}  .167684{col 46} .7684245{col 58} 3.745455{col 70} 4.445021
{txt}Q22_3_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.190476{col 34} .1483087{col 46} .6796358{col 58}  3.88111{col 70} 4.499843
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.0952381{col 34} .1363602{col 46} .6248809{col 58}-.3796805{col 70} .1892043
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q52_3_wave1{txt} - {res}Q22_3_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -0.6984
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.2465         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.4930          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.7535

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_critical_w13= Q52_3_wave1-Q22_3_wave3

. swilk diff_critical_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_crit~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.98791      0.296    -2.459    0.99303

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest Q23_3_wave2 == Q22_3_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q23_3_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.142857{col 34} .1586508{col 46} .7270292{col 58} 3.811917{col 70} 4.473797
{txt}Q22_3_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.190476{col 34} .1483087{col 46} .6796358{col 58}  3.88111{col 70} 4.499843
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} -.047619{col 34}  .161484{col 46} .7400129{col 58}-.3844689{col 70} .2892308
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q23_3_wave2{txt} - {res}Q22_3_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -0.2949
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.3856         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.7711          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.6144

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_critical_w23= Q23_3_wave2-Q22_3_wave3

. swilk diff_critical_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_crit~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.99559      0.108    -4.496    1.00000

{com}. 
. 
. **Cleaning measures to generate Figure 1**

. 
. ** Agree/Disagree: To what extent do you agree or disagree with the following statements? (adapted from SURE) Likert scale: strongly disagree to strongly agree, recoded so all go in same direction of positive assessments**

. 
. *** cleaning measures*****

. gen sure_1_wave1=Q36_1_wave1

. gen sure_2_wave1=6-Q36_2_wave1

. gen sure_3_wave1=Q36_3_wave1

. gen sure_4_wave1=Q36_4_wave1

. gen sure_5_wave1=Q54_1_wave1

. gen sure_6_wave1=6-Q54_2_wave1

. gen sure_7_wave1=Q54_3_wave1

. gen sure_8_wave1=Q54_4_wave1

. gen sure_9_wave1=6-Q56_1_wave1

. gen sure_10_wave1=Q56_2_wave1

. gen sure_11_wave1=6-Q56_3_wave1

. gen sure_12_wave1=Q56_4_wave1

. gen sure_13_wave1=Q57_1_wave1

. gen sure_14_wave1=6-Q57_2_wave1

. gen sure_15_wave1=Q57_3_wave1

. 
. alpha sure_1_wave1 - sure_15_wave1

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)
Reversed items: {res: sure_12_wave1 sure_14_wave1}

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .1563039
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}       15
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.7368

{com}. gen sure_add_wave1=(sure_1_wave1+sure_2_wave1+sure_3_wave1+sure_4_wave1+sure_5_wave1+sure_6_wave1+sure_7_wave1+sure_8_wave1+sure_9_wave1+sure_10_wave1+sure_11_wave1+sure_12_wave1+sure_13_wave1+sure_14_wave1+sure_15_wave1)/15

. sum sure_add_wave1

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
sure_add_w~1 {c |}{res}         21    3.549206    .4136047   2.733333   4.333333

{com}. 
. *** cleaning measures wave 2*****

. gen sure_1_wave2=Q24_1_wave2

. gen sure_2_wave2=6-Q24_2_wave2

. gen sure_3_wave2=Q24_3_wave2

. gen sure_4_wave2=Q24_4_wave2

. gen sure_5_wave2=Q25_1_wave2

. gen sure_6_wave2=6-Q25_2_wave2

. gen sure_7_wave2=Q25_3_wave2

. gen sure_8_wave2=Q25_4_wave2

. gen sure_9_wave2=6-Q26_1_wave2

. gen sure_10_wave2=Q26_2_wave2

. gen sure_11_wave2=6-Q26_3_wave2

. gen sure_12_wave2=Q26_4_wave2

. gen sure_13_wave2=Q27_1_wave2

. gen sure_14_wave2=6-Q27_1_wave2

. gen sure_15_wave2=Q27_1_wave2

. 
. alpha sure_1_wave2 - sure_15_wave2

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)
Reversed item: {res: sure_14_wave2}

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .2668707
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}       15
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.8387

{com}. gen sure_add_wave2=(sure_1_wave2+sure_2_wave2+sure_3_wave2+sure_4_wave2+sure_5_wave2+sure_6_wave2+sure_7_wave2+sure_8_wave2+sure_9_wave2+sure_10_wave2+sure_11_wave2+sure_12_wave2+sure_13_wave2+sure_14_wave2+sure_15_wave2)/15

. sum sure_add_wave2

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
sure_add_w~2 {c |}{res}         21    3.920635    .4740459   2.933333   4.733333

{com}. 
. ****clean variables for wave 3*****

. gen sure_1_wave3=Q23_1_wave3

. gen sure_2_wave3=6-Q23_2_wave3

. gen sure_3_wave3=Q23_3_wave3

. gen sure_4_wave3=Q23_4_wave3

. gen sure_5_wave3=Q24_1_wave3

. gen sure_6_wave3=6-Q24_2_wave3

. gen sure_7_wave3=Q24_3_wave3

. gen sure_8_wave3=Q24_4_wave3

. gen sure_9_wave3=6-Q25_1_wave3

. gen sure_10_wave3=Q25_2_wave3

. gen sure_11_wave3=6-Q25_3_wave3

. gen sure_12_wave3=Q25_4_wave3

. gen sure_13_wave3=Q26_1_wave3

. gen sure_14_wave3=6-Q26_1_wave3

. gen sure_15_wave3=Q26_1_wave3

. 
. ***different factor structure in wave 2***

. alpha sure_1_wave3 - sure_15_wave3

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)
Reversed items: {res: sure_3_wave3 sure_10_wave3 sure_14_wave3}

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .0937188
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}       15
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.6359

{com}. gen sure_add_wave3=(sure_1_wave3+sure_2_wave3+sure_3_wave3+sure_4_wave3+sure_5_wave3+sure_6_wave3+sure_7_wave3+sure_8_wave3+sure_9_wave3+sure_10_wave3+sure_11_wave3+sure_12_wave3+sure_13_wave3+sure_14_wave3+sure_15_wave3)/15

. sum sure_add_wave3

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
sure_add_w~3 {c |}{res}         21    3.920635    .3745332   3.266667        4.6

{com}. 
. **Generating summary statistics to show in Figure 1 which was created in Excel**

. 
. sum sure_add_wave1 sure_add_wave2 sure_add_wave3 

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
sure_add_w~1 {c |}{res}         21    3.549206    .4136047   2.733333   4.333333
{txt}sure_add_w~2 {c |}{res}         21    3.920635    .4740459   2.933333   4.733333
{txt}sure_add_w~3 {c |}{res}         21    3.920635    .3745332   3.266667        4.6

{com}. 
. *test significance*

. *paired ttest between 1 and 2*

. ttest sure_add_wave1 == sure_add_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
sure_a~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.549206{col 34} .0902559{col 46} .4136047{col 58} 3.360936{col 70} 3.737477
{txt}sure_a~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.920635{col 34} .1034453{col 46} .4740459{col 58} 3.704852{col 70} 4.136418
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.3714286{col 34} .1061666{col 46} .4865166{col 58}-.5928883{col 70}-.1499689
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}sure_add_wave1{txt} - {res}sure_add_wave2{txt})           t = {res} -3.4985
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0011         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0023          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9989

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_conf_w12= sure_add_wave1-sure_add_wave2

. swilk diff_conf_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_conf~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.95118      1.196     0.362    0.35859

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest sure_add_wave2 == sure_add_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
sure_a~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.920635{col 34} .1034453{col 46} .4740459{col 58} 3.704852{col 70} 4.136418
{txt}sure_a~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.920635{col 34} .0817298{col 46} .3745332{col 58} 3.750149{col 70}  4.09112
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 1.14e-08{col 34}  .074037{col 46} .3392803{col 58}-.1544385{col 70} .1544385
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}sure_add_wave2{txt} - {res}sure_add_wave3{txt})           t = {res}  0.0000
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.5000         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}1.0000          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.5000

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_conf_w23= sure_add_wave2-sure_add_wave3

. swilk diff_conf_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_conf~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.88311      2.864     2.127    0.01669

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 1 and 3*

. ttest sure_add_wave1 == sure_add_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
sure_a~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.549206{col 34} .0902559{col 46} .4136047{col 58} 3.360936{col 70} 3.737477
{txt}sure_a~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.920635{col 34} .0817298{col 46} .3745332{col 58} 3.750149{col 70}  4.09112
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.3714286{col 34} .0977603{col 46} .4479938{col 58}-.5753529{col 70}-.1675042
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}sure_add_wave1{txt} - {res}sure_add_wave3{txt})           t = {res} -3.7994
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0006         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0011          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9994

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_conf_w13= sure_add_wave1-sure_add_wave3

. swilk diff_conf_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_conf~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.97868      0.522    -1.313    0.90534

{com}. 
. **Cleaning data for Figure 2**

. 
. ** Academic Confidence: Likert scale: strongly disagree to strongly agree**

. gen asc_1_wave1=Q37_1_wave1

. gen asc_2_wave1=5-Q37_2_wave1

. gen asc_3_wave1=5-Q37_3_wave1

. gen asc_4_wave1=5-Q37_4_wave1

. gen asc_5_wave1=Q58_1_wave1

. gen asc_6_wave1=Q58_2_wave1

. gen asc_7_wave1=Q58_3_wave1

. 
. alpha asc_1_wave1 - asc_7_wave1

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .2339002
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}        7
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.7988

{com}. gen asc_add_wave1=(asc_1_wave1 + asc_2_wave1 + asc_3_wave1 + asc_4_wave1 + asc_5_wave1 + asc_6_wave1 + asc_7_wave1)/7

. sum asc_add_wave1

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
asc_add_wa~1 {c |}{res}         21    2.802721    .5411179   1.857143   3.714286

{com}. 
. gen asc_1_wave2=Q28_1_wave2

. gen asc_2_wave2=5-Q28_2_wave2

. gen asc_3_wave2=5-Q28_3_wave2

. gen asc_4_wave2=5-Q28_4_wave2

. gen asc_5_wave2=Q29_1_wave2
{txt}(1 missing value generated)

{com}. gen asc_6_wave2=Q29_2_wave2

. gen asc_7_wave2=Q29_3_wave2

. 
. alpha asc_1_wave2 - asc_7_wave2

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .3090744
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}        7
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.8044

{com}. gen asc_add_wave2=(asc_1_wave2 + asc_2_wave2 + asc_3_wave2 + asc_4_wave2 + asc_5_wave2 + asc_6_wave2 + asc_7_wave2)/7
{txt}(1 missing value generated)

{com}. sum asc_add_wave2

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
asc_add_wa~2 {c |}{res}         20    2.885714    .6176773   1.714286   3.714286

{com}. 
. ***wave3****

. gen asc_1_wave3=Q27_1_wave3

. gen asc_2_wave3=5-Q27_2_wave3

. gen asc_3_wave3=5-Q27_3_wave3

. gen asc_4_wave3=5-Q27_4_wave3

. gen asc_5_wave3=Q28_1_wave3

. gen asc_6_wave3=Q28_2_wave3

. gen asc_7_wave3=Q28_3_wave3

. 
. alpha asc_1_wave3 - asc_7_wave3

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .2985261
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}        7
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.8196

{com}. gen asc_add_wave3=(asc_1_wave3 + asc_2_wave3 + asc_3_wave3 + asc_4_wave3 + asc_5_wave3 + asc_6_wave3 + asc_7_wave3)/7

. sum asc_add_wave3

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
asc_add_wa~3 {c |}{res}         21    3.088435    .6035206          2   3.857143

{com}. 
. **Summarizing values to display in figure 2 which was created in excel**

. 
. sum asc_add_wave1 asc_add_wave2 asc_add_wave3

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
asc_add_wa~1 {c |}{res}         21    2.802721    .5411179   1.857143   3.714286
{txt}asc_add_wa~2 {c |}{res}         20    2.885714    .6176773   1.714286   3.714286
{txt}asc_add_wa~3 {c |}{res}         21    3.088435    .6035206          2   3.857143

{com}. 
. *test of significance*

. ttest asc_add_wave1 == asc_add_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
asc_ad~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22} 2.828571{col 34} .1211297{col 46} .5417083{col 58} 2.575044{col 70} 3.082099
{txt}asc_ad~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22} 2.885714{col 34} .1381168{col 46} .6176773{col 58} 2.596632{col 70} 3.174796
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}-.0571429{col 34} .0666846{col 46} .2982224{col 58}-.1967153{col 70} .0824295
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}asc_add_wave1{txt} - {res}asc_add_wave2{txt})             t = {res} -0.8569
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      19

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.2011         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.4022          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.7989

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_asc_w12= asc_add_wave1-asc_add_wave2
{txt}(1 missing value generated)

{com}. swilk diff_asc_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_asc_w12 {c |} {res}        20    0.89995      2.368     1.737    0.04116

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest asc_add_wave2 == asc_add_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
asc_ad~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22} 2.885714{col 34} .1381168{col 46} .6176773{col 58} 2.596632{col 70} 3.174796
{txt}asc_ad~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22} 3.107143{col 34} .1370532{col 46} .6129203{col 58} 2.820287{col 70} 3.393998
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     20{col 22}-.2214286{col 34} .0543243{col 46} .2429456{col 58}-.3351306{col 70}-.1077265
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}asc_add_wave2{txt} - {res}asc_add_wave3{txt})             t = {res} -4.0761
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      19

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0003         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0006          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9997

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_asc_w23= asc_add_wave2-asc_add_wave3
{txt}(1 missing value generated)

{com}. swilk diff_asc_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_asc_w23 {c |} {res}        20    0.96793      0.759    -0.555    0.71069

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 1 and 3*

. ttest asc_add_wave1 == asc_add_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
asc_ad~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 2.802721{col 34} .1180816{col 46} .5411179{col 58} 2.556407{col 70} 3.049035
{txt}asc_ad~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 3.088435{col 34}  .131699{col 46} .6035206{col 58} 2.813716{col 70} 3.363155
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.2857143{col 34} .0638877{col 46}   .29277{col 58}-.4189816{col 70} -.152447
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}asc_add_wave1{txt} - {res}asc_add_wave3{txt})             t = {res} -4.4721
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0001         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0002          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9999

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_asc_w13= asc_add_wave1-asc_add_wave3

. swilk diff_asc_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_asc_w13 {c |} {res}        21    0.97871      0.522    -1.316    0.90587

{com}. 
. 
. ** General Confidence: Likert scale: strongly disagree to strongly agree**

. gen gsc_1_wave1=5-Q38_1_wave1

. gen gsc_2_wave1=5-Q38_2_wave1

. gen gsc_3_wave1=5-Q38_3_wave1

. gen gsc_4_wave1=Q38_4_wave1

. gen gsc_5_wave1=Q59_1_wave1

. gen gsc_6_wave1=Q59_2_wave1

. gen gsc_7_wave1=5-Q59_3_wave1

. 
. alpha gsc_1_wave1 - gsc_7_wave1

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .2573696
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}        7
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.8069

{com}. gen gsc_add_wave1=(gsc_1_wave1 + gsc_2_wave1 + gsc_3_wave1 + gsc_4_wave1 + gsc_5_wave1 + gsc_6_wave1 + gsc_7_wave1)/7

. sum gsc_add_wave1

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
gsc_add_wa~1 {c |}{res}         21    2.591837     .564757   1.714286   3.714286

{com}. 
. ***wave 2****

. gen gsc_1_wave2=5-Q30_1_wave2

. gen gsc_2_wave2=5-Q30_2_wave2

. gen gsc_3_wave2=5-Q30_3_wave2

. gen gsc_4_wave2=Q30_4_wave2

. gen gsc_5_wave2=Q31_1_wave2

. gen gsc_6_wave2=Q31_2_wave2

. gen gsc_7_wave2=5-Q31_3_wave2

. 
. alpha gsc_1_wave2 - gsc_7_wave2

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .3138322
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}        7
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.7984

{com}. gen gsc_add_wave2=(gsc_1_wave2 + gsc_2_wave2 + gsc_3_wave2 + gsc_4_wave2 + gsc_5_wave2 + gsc_6_wave2 + gsc_7_wave2)/7

. sum gsc_add_wave2

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
gsc_add_wa~2 {c |}{res}         21    2.639456     .626977   1.285714   3.857143

{com}. 
. ****wave 3****

. gen gsc_1_wave3=5-Q29_1_wave3

. gen gsc_2_wave3=5-Q29_2_wave3

. gen gsc_3_wave3=5-Q29_3_wave3

. gen gsc_4_wave3=Q29_4_wave3

. gen gsc_5_wave3=Q30_1_wave3

. gen gsc_6_wave3=Q30_2_wave3

. gen gsc_7_wave3=5-Q30_3_wave3

. 
. alpha gsc_1_wave3 - gsc_7_wave3

{txt}Test scale = mean(unstandardized items)

Average interitem covariance:{col 34}{res} .4119048
{txt}Number of items in the scale:{col 34}{res}        7
{txt}Scale reliability coefficient:{col 34}{res}   0.8719

{com}. gen gsc_add_wave3=(gsc_1_wave3 + gsc_2_wave3 + gsc_3_wave3 + gsc_4_wave3 + gsc_5_wave3 + gsc_6_wave3 + gsc_7_wave3)/7

. sum gsc_add_wave3

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
gsc_add_wa~3 {c |}{res}         21    2.768707    .6873139   1.428571          4

{com}. 
. **summarizing other values for Figure 2 which was created in excel*

. 
. sum gsc_add_wave1 gsc_add_wave2 gsc_add_wave3

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
gsc_add_wa~1 {c |}{res}         21    2.591837     .564757   1.714286   3.714286
{txt}gsc_add_wa~2 {c |}{res}         21    2.639456     .626977   1.285714   3.857143
{txt}gsc_add_wa~3 {c |}{res}         21    2.768707    .6873139   1.428571          4

{com}. 
. *test if the differences are significant*

. ttest gsc_add_wave1 == gsc_add_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
gsc_ad~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 2.591837{col 34} .1232401{col 46}  .564757{col 58} 2.334762{col 70} 2.848911
{txt}gsc_ad~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 2.639456{col 34} .1368176{col 46}  .626977{col 58} 2.354059{col 70} 2.924852
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.0476191{col 34} .0739903{col 46} .3390664{col 58}-.2019602{col 70} .1067221
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}gsc_add_wave1{txt} - {res}gsc_add_wave2{txt})             t = {res} -0.6436
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.2636         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.5272          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.7364

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_gsc_w12= gsc_add_wave1-gsc_add_wave2

. swilk diff_gsc_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_gsc_w12 {c |} {res}        21    0.94668      1.307     0.541    0.29437

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest gsc_add_wave2 == gsc_add_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
gsc_ad~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 2.639456{col 34} .1368176{col 46}  .626977{col 58} 2.354059{col 70} 2.924852
{txt}gsc_ad~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 2.768707{col 34} .1499842{col 46} .6873139{col 58} 2.455846{col 70} 3.081569
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.1292517{col 34} .0985338{col 46} .4515388{col 58}-.3347897{col 70} .0762863
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}gsc_add_wave2{txt} - {res}gsc_add_wave3{txt})             t = {res} -1.3117
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.1022         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.2045          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.8978

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_gsc_w23= gsc_add_wave2-gsc_add_wave3

. swilk diff_gsc_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_gsc_w23 {c |} {res}        21    0.96507      0.856    -0.315    0.62346

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 1 and 3*

. ttest gsc_add_wave1 == gsc_add_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
gsc_ad~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 2.591837{col 34} .1232401{col 46}  .564757{col 58} 2.334762{col 70} 2.848911
{txt}gsc_ad~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 2.768707{col 34} .1499842{col 46} .6873139{col 58} 2.455846{col 70} 3.081569
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.1768708{col 34} .0806345{col 46} .3695137{col 58}-.3450714{col 70}-.0086702
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}gsc_add_wave1{txt} - {res}gsc_add_wave3{txt})             t = {res} -2.1935
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0201         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0403          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9799

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_gsc_w13= gsc_add_wave1-gsc_add_wave3

. swilk diff_gsc_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_gsc_w13 {c |} {res}        21    0.96402      0.882    -0.255    0.60057

{com}. 
. *** Continue education: Do you have plans to continue your education beyond your undergraduate degree? ***

. 
. dtable i.Q29_wave1 i.Q16_wave2 i.Q16_wave3
{res}
{smcl}
{reset}{...}
{hline 78}{c -}{hline 10}
{space 78} {space 2}Summary{space 1}
{hline 78}{c -}{hline 10}
N{space 77} {space 8}{result:21}
Do you have plans to continue your education beyond your undergraduate degree? {space 10}
  Yes{space 73} {result:20 (95.2%)}
  Don’t know{space 66} {space 2}{result:1 (4.8%)}
Do you have plans to continue your education beyond your undergraduate degree? {space 10}
  Yes{space 73} {result:18 (85.7%)}
  Don’t know{space 66} {space 1}{result:3 (14.3%)}
Do you have plans to continue your education beyond your undergraduate degree? {space 10}
  Yes{space 73} {result:19 (90.5%)}
  Don’t know{space 66} {space 2}{result:2 (9.5%)}
{hline 78}{c -}{hline 10}

{com}. 
. *** Most likely plan after graduation: Please check the most likely plan for what you will do immediately following graduation. [adapted from SURE]***

. 
. ***create a dummy variable****

. ****1=MA or PhD in political science or related field****

. gen research_career_wave1=.
{txt}(21 missing values generated)

{com}. replace research_career_wave1=1 if Q30_wave1<6
{txt}(6 real changes made)

{com}. replace research_career_wave1=0 if Q30_wave1>=6
{txt}(15 real changes made)

{com}. tab research_career_wave1

{txt}research_ca {c |}
 reer_wave1 {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         15       71.43       71.43
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          6       28.57      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         21      100.00

{com}. 
. gen research_career_wave2=.
{txt}(21 missing values generated)

{com}. replace research_career_wave2=1 if Q17_wave2<5
{txt}(4 real changes made)

{com}. replace research_career_wave2=0 if Q17_wave2>=5
{txt}(17 real changes made)

{com}. tab research_career_wave2

{txt}research_ca {c |}
 reer_wave2 {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         17       80.95       80.95
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          4       19.05      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         21      100.00

{com}.  
. gen research_career_wave3=.
{txt}(21 missing values generated)

{com}. replace research_career_wave3=1 if Q17_wave3<5
{txt}(5 real changes made)

{com}. replace research_career_wave3=0 if Q17_wave3>=5
{txt}(16 real changes made)

{com}. tab research_career_wave3

{txt}research_ca {c |}
 reer_wave3 {c |}      Freq.     Percent        Cum.
{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
          0 {c |}{res}         16       76.19       76.19
{txt}          1 {c |}{res}          5       23.81      100.00
{txt}{hline 12}{c +}{hline 35}
      Total {c |}{res}         21      100.00

{com}. 
. ***raw numbers***

. dtable i.research_career_wave1 i.research_career_wave2 i.research_career_wave3
{res}
{smcl}
{reset}{...}
{hline 21}{c -}{hline 10}
{space 21} {space 2}Summary{space 1}
{hline 21}{c -}{hline 10}
N{space 20} {space 8}{result:21}
research_career_wave1 {space 10}
  0{space 18} {result:15 (71.4%)}
  1{space 18} {space 1}{result:6 (28.6%)}
research_career_wave2 {space 10}
  0{space 18} {result:17 (81.0%)}
  1{space 18} {space 1}{result:4 (19.0%)}
research_career_wave3 {space 10}
  0{space 18} {result:16 (76.2%)}
  1{space 18} {space 1}{result:5 (23.8%)}
{hline 21}{c -}{hline 10}

{com}. 
. 
. *** Future job or career confidence: On the scale below, how confident do you feel about the next steps to take toward your future job or career? (Scale not at all confident to very confident)***

. ***see clear growth in confidence****

. 
. **Summarizing values for Figure 3 which was created in Excel**

. sum Q31_1_wave1 Q18_1_wave2 Q18_1_wave3

{txt}    Variable {c |}        Obs        Mean    Std. dev.       Min        Max
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 57}
{space 1}Q31_1_wave1 {c |}{res}         21    4.619048    1.395571          3          7
{txt}{space 1}Q18_1_wave2 {c |}{res}         21           5    1.140175          3          7
{txt}{space 1}Q18_1_wave3 {c |}{res}         21    5.190476    1.123345          3          7

{com}. 
. *test if significant differences*

. ttest Q31_1_wave1 == Q18_1_wave2

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q31_1_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.619048{col 34} .3045386{col 46} 1.395571{col 58} 3.983791{col 70} 5.254304
{txt}Q18_1_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}        5{col 34} .2488067{col 46} 1.140175{col 58} 4.480998{col 70} 5.519002
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.3809524{col 34}  .188682{col 46} .8646497{col 58}-.7745362{col 70} .0126314
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q31_1_wave1{txt} - {res}Q18_1_wave2{txt})                 t = {res} -2.0190
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0285         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.0571          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9715

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_career_w12= Q31_1_wave1-Q18_1_wave2

. swilk diff_career_w12

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_care~12 {c |} {res}        21    0.99433      0.139    -3.989    0.99997

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 2 and 3*

. ttest Q18_1_wave2 == Q18_1_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q18_1_~2 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}        5{col 34} .2488067{col 46} 1.140175{col 58} 4.480998{col 70} 5.519002
{txt}Q18_1_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 5.190476{col 34} .2451341{col 46} 1.123345{col 58} 4.679136{col 70} 5.701817
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.1904762{col 34} .2352207{col 46} 1.077917{col 58}-.6811381{col 70} .3001857
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q18_1_wave2{txt} - {res}Q18_1_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -0.8098
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.2138         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.4276          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.7862

{com}. 
. *test normality assumption*

. gen diff_career_w23= Q18_1_wave2-Q18_1_wave3

. swilk diff_career_w23

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_care~23 {c |} {res}        21    0.98314      0.413    -1.787    0.96305

{com}. 
. *paired ttest between 1 and 3*

. ttest Q31_1_wave1 == Q18_1_wave3

{txt}Paired t test
{hline 9}{c TT}{hline 68}
Variable{col 10}{c |}{col 16}Obs{col 27}Mean{col 35}Std. err.{col 47}Std. dev.{col 59}[95% conf. interval]
{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
Q31_1_~1 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 4.619048{col 34} .3045386{col 46} 1.395571{col 58} 3.983791{col 70} 5.254304
{txt}Q18_1_~3 {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22} 5.190476{col 34} .2451341{col 46} 1.123345{col 58} 4.679136{col 70} 5.701817
{txt}{hline 9}{c +}{hline 68}
    diff {c |}{res}{col 12}     21{col 22}-.5714286{col 34} .3420626{col 46} 1.567528{col 58}-1.284959{col 70} .1421014
{txt}{hline 9}{c BT}{hline 68}
     mean(diff) = mean({res}Q31_1_wave1{txt} - {res}Q18_1_wave3{txt})                 t = {res} -1.6705
{txt} H0: mean(diff) = 0                              Degrees of freedom = {res}      20

 {txt}Ha: mean(diff) < 0           Ha: mean(diff) != 0           Ha: mean(diff) > 0
 Pr(T < t) = {res}0.0552         {txt}Pr(|T| > |t|) = {res}0.1104          {txt}Pr(T > t) = {res}0.9448

{com}. 
. *test of normality assumption*

. gen diff_career_w13= Q31_1_wave1-Q18_1_wave3

. swilk diff_career_w13

                   {txt}Shapiro–Wilk W test for normal data

    Variable {c |}        Obs{col 33}W{col 45}V{col 55}z       Prob>z
{hline 13}{c +}{hline 54}
diff_care~13 {c |} {res}        21    0.98503      0.367    -2.028    0.97870

{com}. 
. 
. 
. 
. 
. 